How trace geometry affects impedanceGeometry changes the impedance — one variable at a timeImpedanceIncreasing trace width →Wider trace → usually lower ZLarger plane spacing → higher ZHigher design Dk → lower ZSmaller pair gap → lower ZdiffTrends assume the other inputs stay fixed.Not a tolerance curve or a yield prediction.³Ô¹Ïtv · Engineering illustration · Not a measurement or a released stackup