Bend radius needs a defined referenceThe bend model uses the entered neutral-axis radius and copper offset. It neither locates the neutral axis nor gives an allowable strain or cycle life.Bend radius needs a defined referenceGeometry is useful; fatigue life still requires qualification.R at neutral axisStrain magnitude:ε = y / Ry: copper offsetfrom neutral axisNeutral axis depends on construction and moduli; it is not always mid-thickness.³Ô¹Ïtv engineering illustration · not a production record · not to scale