What the comparison tool actually estimatesThe low-loss TEM approximation isolates dielectric attenuation. Real insertion loss includes conductor, transition and other contributions.What the comparison tool actually estimatesAn ideal stripline dielectric model, not a finished RF PCB simulation.Homogeneous dielectric / ideal TEMDielectric-only loss∝ f × L × √Dk × DfNot included:Copper · roughnessVias · launchesMismatch · maskԹtv engineering illustration · not a production record · not to scale